The molecule present in our body can be either positively charged or negatively charged. This molecule at times cannot be transferred across the cell membrane using its own independent movement. In that case, membrane protein mediates the transfer of those molecules to the other side of the cell membrane. Examples for such type of transport of molecules across the membrane: Gastrointestinal tract-mucosa and Blood-brain barrier. Membrane transport proteins are the membrane protein that helps in the transport of ions, macromolecules, and some small molecules. The amino acid, Glucose, and some polar molecules are examples of those molecules which use membrane protein to pass across the cell membrane. Membrane transport protein can be classified into two types namely channel-mediated transport proteins and carrier-mediated transport proteins. Channel mediated transport can be opened to both the internal and the external environment to diffuse molecules across the membrane without interruption. But in the case of carrier-mediated transport, either one of the gates is open. It can be either an inner gate or an outer gate. Carrier mediated transport exhibits the property of specificity, saturation, and competition. Antiport has meditated transporters in which the transport of two molecules takes place in the opposite directions across the bilayer of the membrane.
Carrier mediated transport
Membrane transport proteins are of two types. They are channel-mediated transport proteins and carrier-mediated transport proteins. Carrier mediated transport uses carrier proteins to carry molecules across the cell membrane. Many of these proteins also present in the membranes of the cell’s internal organelles such as mitochondria, nucleolus, and so on as well. Carrier proteins open only the side of the membrane which is in contrast to the channel-mediated transport proteins. Thus, Carrier proteins are used in both active transport and passive transport. Carrier proteins usually have their binding site to bind to the molecules which have to be transported across the cell membrane. For example, the sodium-potassium pump has its binding site which is specific to certain ions. Carrier protein generally bound to a sufficient quantity of certain molecules. This then changes its shape to carry molecules across the membrane. Some carrier proteins do not require energy to transport molecules in the case of passive transport which uses diffusion gradient for the purpose. In certain other cases, ATP is the energy source for the transport of molecules. The ATP using carrier protein may be used in the case of secondary active transport where molecules have to be transported against diffusion gradient.
Types of carrier-mediated transport
Carrier mediated transport can be performed as active transport, passive transport, facilitated diffusion, Vesicular transport, carrier-mediated intestinal transport, and ion pair formation. The common type of transport used to explain carrier-mediated transport is active transport and facilitated diffusion.
Active transport or pump mechanism requires energy in the form of ATP to pass molecules against the concentration gradient. An example of this active transport is the sodium-potassium pump. There is another type of active transport which is called secondary active transport. This is otherwise referred to as coupled carriers. The pumps in the cell’s membrane utilize the downhill transport of one molecule to drive the uphill passage of another molecule. An example of such coupled carriers is the sodium-glucose cotransport. In this case, cotransport protein cost all the energy of the cell by utilizing ATP as the energy source to maintain the concentration gradient in sodium. But ATP is not used directly in this situation.
Passive transport or Facilitated diffusion is used to carry molecules in the downhill direction which is down their concentration gradient. This does not require ATP to transport molecules across the membrane. Valinomycin potassium carrier-mediated transport is an example of facilitated diffusion. Carrier proteins bind to potassium ions and change their shape to release them across the cell membrane. These are some of the examples of carrier-mediated transport which is carried out with the help of carrier proteins to transport molecules across the cell membrane.
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