The rapid growth of LLC from the 1990s is generally attributed to a combination of tax treatment, the flexibility of governance structure. The jurisdiction of the Limited Liability Corporation shall be based on diversity jurisdiction and personal jurisdiction. The determination of jurisdiction is necessary; the owner who incorporates LLC shall have to pay filing fees and submit paperwork. The taxation levy is generally based on a source basis where residential status is essential in understanding the taxability of LLC.
There may be a situation where LLC may wish to do its business across the states (across the USA) or in the international market. Therefore the jurisdiction becomes imperative in determining the compliance of laws.
One of the issues in compliance with LLC is the determination of its citizenship. The citizenship is determined for the competent court jurisdiction purpose.
Diversity Jurisdiction is a kind of subject matter jurisdiction where the federal court of the U.S. has the power to hear those cases which do not involve federal questions. Civil law involves an alleged violation of the U.S. Constitution, federal law, or any international treaty to which the U.S. is a party.
There will be two conditions to fall under the ambit of Diverse Jurisdiction, and they are as follows:
There must be citizenship that is diverse in composition (the plaintiffs shall be U.S. citizens of different states, unlike the defendants);
Lawsuits amount shall involve more than $75,000.
There is no statutory rule governing the jurisdiction for the citizenship of an LLC. When the LLC itself is a litigant in a suit against its members, diversity jurisdiction shall not apply.
Personal Jurisdiction
Personal jurisdiction shall mean the court’s jurisdiction over the parties involved in LLC, depending on the evidence presented. To put it in simple words, personal jurisdiction shall mean the court can enforce its decision, and such is binding upon the parties.
In adjudicating the jurisdiction of the LLC, the citizenship of a member is not an essential aspect of the personal jurisdiction. For enforcement of personal jurisdiction, jurisdiction over the subject matter, parties involved, and proper venue shall be considered.
As per the landmark judgment of the U.S. Supreme Court in Goodyear Dunlop Tires Operations, S.A. v. Brown, (2011), under specific circumstances, the exercise of general jurisdiction will be preferred instead of personal jurisdiction over an LLC area:
When the LLC has been set up in the state where a petition for the suit has been filed or
When the LLC has a principal place of business.
Therefore it has been relatively settled that in case of the test of personal jurisdiction of LLC will not require an analysis of LLCs citizenship. Thus, personal jurisdiction shall not prevail over the subject matter or general jurisdiction.
Diversity Jurisdiction and Due Diligence before Pleading in Court for Filing Petition
There is a significant disadvantage to prove diversity when LLC is a party. As LLC member information is not often mentioned in the initial filing, such information may not be available publicly. Therefore it becomes imperative for a party to recognize such members and demonstrate complete diversity. Following are the steps for performing due diligence where an attempt is made to recognize such members of LLC:
Reaching out to the opposing counsel, in the initial pleadings, the party involved may ask for the details of the members, and such details shall send it through e-mail.
Research for any information, including public information. Examining the constitution of the LLC and the entire affidavit for extracting such member information.
The members of the LLC must demonstrate that they are of diverse citizenship. However, the person petitioning must provide a disclaimer in their papers for filing an appeal due to limited information.
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